Transmission
Neisseria meningitidis bacteria spread through respiratory droplets and close contact — coughing, sneezing, kissing, and sharing utensils in crowded conditions like dormitories or pilgrimage gatherings.
Geography
Year-round risk in the sub-Saharan African “meningitis belt” from Senegal to Ethiopia, with peaks during dry season (December–June). Outbreaks worldwide, including Hajj/Umrah where vaccination is a Saudi government entry requirement.
Immunity
A single dose of conjugate vaccine (NIMENRIX or MENVEO) gives strong protection against serogroups A, C, W and Y for approximately 5 years. ICVP issued for Hajj/Umrah on the day.