Transmission

Cholera spreads through food and water contaminated with Vibrio cholerae bacteria — typically in regions with poor sanitation or active outbreaks. Risk is highest with unfiltered water, ice, undercooked seafood and street food.

Geography

Endemic across sub-Saharan Africa, parts of South Asia, Yemen, Haiti and Latin America, with periodic outbreaks elsewhere. NaTHNaC recommends Dukoral for travellers to high-risk regions, aid workers and visitors with limited access to safe water.

Immunity & dosing

Dukoral is taken as two oral doses 1–6 weeks apart, giving around 85% protection that lasts ~2 years in adults (6 months in children 2–6, who need a third dose). It also provides short-term protection against ETEC (traveller’s diarrhoea).